Marja' / Taqlid
Die schiitische Institution, nach der Gläubige in Fragen des religiösen Rechts einem 'Marja' (einem hochrangigen Rechtsgelehrten) folgen (taqlid); eine Säule klerikaler Autorität.
Im Kontext lesen →Auf einen Blick
- Meaning
- Source of emulation
- Main centers
- Qom and Najaf
- Financial basis
- Religious dues (khums)
Details
A marja al-taqlid ('source of emulation') is the highest rank in the clerical hierarchy of Twelver Shiism: an eminent jurist (mujtahid) whose legal rulings (fatwas) ordinary Shia (muqallids) follow in matters of religious practice. The institution, which took its modern formalized shape in the nineteenth century, rests on the principle of taqlid: those unable to derive rulings themselves (through ijtihad) must follow the most learned living jurist. Each marja issues a practical treatise (risala) and administers a network of agents, seminaries, and religious dues (such as khums) that grant him financial independence and social influence. Eminent marjas such as Ayatollahs Borujerdi, Khomeini, and Sistani have played significant religious and political roles. The principal centers of the marja'iyya are Qom (Iran) and Najaf (Iraq).
Verwandte Einträge
Quellen
- Encyclopaedia Iranica — 'Marjaʿ-e Taqlīd'
- Britannica — 'Marjaʿ al-taqlīd'
- L. Walbridge (ed.), 'The Most Learned of the Shiʿa'